Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikstan

Uzbekistan

Turkmenistan

Report on the the research findings of the field study conducted in Kazakhstan

Fact Sheet:

Dates of Visit: July 24- August 1,2003

Places of Visit: Almaty, Kazakhstan

People/Professionals met/Interviewed/Discussed:

• Ms. Balzhan Beisembekova, Executive Director, National Association of Television and Radio Broadcasters, Kazakhstan
• Mr. Oleg Katsiev,Country Director,Internews, Kazakhstan
• Ms. Tamara M. Kaleyeva, President, International Foundation for protection of speech
• Mr. Alexandr Smagly,Advisor, National Association of Television and Radio Broadcasters, Kazakhstan
• Ms.Irina Kirillova, president, International Research Programmes Almuni Association
• Three Representatives from "Khabar" the state TV
• Ms. G. Ibrayeva, Head of International Journalism Department, Faculty of Journalism, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
• Ms. S. Nurgozhina, Professor of Periodicals, Faculty of Journalism, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
  

Documents Collected:

1. New Draft Bill and its amendments
2. List of Radio and TV stations in Kazakhstan

Background

• To find out the Public Broadcasting situation in Kazakhstan, the country in Transition.
• The explore the opportunities and limitations from Changes in legal and structural framework of Public Service Broadcasting in Kazakhstan

An Analytic Overview

Objectives of the mission:

The objectives of the present research paper to
• Describe major trends and situation in the field of Public Service broadcasting in Kazakhstan
• Examine the Opportunities and limitations of legal and structural changes in Public Service Broadcasting in Kazakhstan
• Look into some positive/negative examples and experiences of public service broadcasting in Kazakhstan
• Recommend policy strategies for future in Kazakhstan

Major Trends in the Broadcasting Scenario of Kazakhstan

Over the last decade, the broadcasting in Kazakhstan had experienced five important challenges:Transition,Consolidation,Democratisation, legislation, Competition , Commercialization, struggle for free and independent media

All broadcasters in Central Asia are facing phenomenal challenges because of increased pressure from civil societies to make it more free and independnt. The broadcasters are facing strong competion for audiences, which are fragmented. Earlier, most public service broadcasters had worked in monopolistic paradigm. The whole legal and structural framework derived from this monopolistic paradigm. All decisions, descriptions, actions completely suited to the environment where competition, free and independnt media were completely absent.

This paradigm is highly unsuitable and inappropriate to the present environment. Today, due to advent of challnels ,there are many channels and there are many alternatives. Audience is watching different channels. The revenue of those public service broadcasters is getting fragmented as advertising revenue gets fragmented. So, the environment is extremely competitive.

The process of democratization of society as well as broadcasting began in the early 90’s. Even though broadcasters enjoyed a monopoly, a reduction in the proportion of budgetary support, combined with pressures to open up media sector to private and NGO enterprises puts the policy makers to change the media legislation as soon as possible.

Many broadcasters sell airtime on the basis of the size of its viewership, they began to look for ways and means of increasing its share as the media market became increasingly more competitive. This resulted in a reduction in emphasis on public service programmes, as the prime time was reserved for commercial programming which earned the most revenue. Radio is undergoing a similar process, though to a lesser extent.

There is then the technological environment. There is a tremendous change in broadcast technologies. It stared with satellite revolution and digitalization where you have many many channels are reaching your door-step. You can receive this on satellite, distribute them in cable, receive them small direct-to-home (DTH) dishes with the proliferation of television. There has been very recently a growth in direct radio broadcasting where you can receive directly hundred of radio channels on a small receiver not with dish antennae but with very small antennae like tape. There has been proliferation of channels and the technological environment has changed. The Internet has made even a bigger change. On the Internet today, you can get streaming video and audio and whole host of multimedia. This has changed the whole technologies where you are.

The consolidation is happening among major media players across central asia.People are getting restless to have completely independent media from from government controls. Of course, there are a lot of private commercial stations working , but by and large , the whole broadcasing industry is under the government control.

Building an analytical framework

Public Vs State

“ Public Service Broadcasters” in Asia are many times reffered as synonym with state broadcasters or National broadcasters. One of key reaosns for ascribing the status is that they are more or less performing public service functions of the media.But it too simplistic and wrong if we consider all state-owned /national public broadcasters are public service broadcasters. The following analysis will reveal thet it is not necessarily true that all the state-owned national broadcasters are truly public broadcasters. This brings us to a question: What is Public Service broadcasting?

State Vs Independent Broadcasters

Many media experts term " Indepedent media" any media which is not under the control of state. So, Indepent media refers to those Radio and Television channels which may be commercial, privately owned or any owned by Non-governemntal organisation ( non-profit)

What is Public Broadcasting?

Public Service Broadcasting is defined is the broadcasting made for the Public, funded by the Public and controlled by the public. Essentially, it emphasizes on public participation in ownership, control, funding and programming of broadcasting. The word “public” refers to the entire population of the country or region that the public broadcaster is responsible for serving.

From the above definition, it is very clear that all the state/national broadcasters in Central Asia may not be categorized as a “ Public Service Broadcaster”. But they may be a poor or non-representative form of Public Service Broadcasters as they have essentially few components/ characteristics of Public Broadcasters.

In this context, following Questions are raised in relations to state-owned broadcasters within the purview of essential characteristics of a public broadcaster :

Analysis of "What is not Public Broadcasting in Kazakhstan"

The analysis can start with the “ what is not”

o The state-owned /National broadcasters are not private(commercially driven) broadcasters
o The state-owned national broadcasters are not community broadcasters

Then what are they? Of Course , they are not public service broadcasters according the universal definition accepted by many people

Further, analysis can be further made in terms of
• What is with them that distinguishes from other broadcasters and identifying them as public service broadcasters ( Analysis of the existing problems)
• Where are they as a public service broadcasters? ( Analysis of present system)
• What are the consequences in future if they continue present status?
• What are the possible solutions open to them?

It is worth-mentioning here that these broadcasters cannot convert to private broadcasters as their mandate does not allow them to become because they have some public responsibilities and they existence is defined by their identities.

At the same times, it is quite clear that they cannot continue in the same state of affairs as they are now, they cannot survive as they are working in the still monopolistic paradigm..

The Best solution: Public participation in Broadcasting
• Where are they as the public broadcasters?
• Where do they stand as public broadcasters?
• What are the consequences in the future if they do not change the framework they work for ?
• What are the options left them?
• How do they convert to a true public service broadcaster?

Building a methodology for evaluating Public Broadcasting in Kazakhstan

To answer these questions, we need to develop a methodology to evaluate a state/national broadcaster as Public Service broadcaster. The proposed methodology is based on essential elements that constitute a true public service broadcasting systems as available some of the countries of the world and most importantly, with essential elements of public participation and universal declaration human rights.

The second question arises :

How does one assess that a national/state broadcaster have become/converted to a public service broadcaster?

Generally identified Process to convert a national/state broadcaster to a public service broadcasters

The answer may be broadly like this if it undergoes these processes. Of course, these process are not universal.

• Reviewing the present system
• Constitutional provisions for independent media
• Public Service functions
• Accountable mechanisms
• Governing structure of PSB
• Funding Mechanisms
• Editorial Independence

Reviewing the Present System

Firstly, we wish to see is there any attempt to review the present Kazakhstan broadcasting.
Secondly, a national /state broadcaster may become a true public service broadcaster if and only if we found visible changes in legal and structural framework.

One may ask: What does it mean by changing in the legal framework?

Change in the legal framework is basically changing present media law of the country based on the spirit of the constitution. Plainly speaking, is there any attempt to bring a new media law or change the existing media law for providing greater public participation in the broadcasting?
This means clearly creating legal conditions for true public service broadcasting.

The answer may be both yes and no. Table 1, clearly demonstrate that in Kazakhstan has tried to change the media law/introduce a new media law to provide more public participation.

As provided in the Apendix 2 and Apendix 3, the new draft law and the amendments to the the law.

It is clearly visible from the analysis that Kazakhstan is going towards a major structural changes in broadcasting.

Before introducing the new media legislation, one may look for formal guarantees of free and independent media in the constitution of Kazakhstan.

Legal Framework

For any public service broadcasters changing legal framework means the following:

1. Constitutional guarantee/support for free and independent public media
2. Formal guarantees derived from the constitutional guarantee

What may be the Formal Guarantees for protecting free and independent media? This depends mostly on answering satisfactorily the following questions.

1. Does constitution guarantee the freedom of political communication?
2. Does constitution guarantee freedom of expression?
3. Does constitution guarantee the Journalistic independence?
4. Does constitution guarantee Creative Independence?
5. Does constitution guarantee Programming Independence?
6. Does constitution guarantee the Independence of broadcaster?
7. Does other rights of citizens are protected by constitution?
8. Is anyone prohibited from interfering with or regulating broadcast programmes except as provided for by law?
9. Do the laws guarantee of independence of content of its programmes?
10. Do the laws guarantee of independence concerning time of the broadcast and management of affairs?
11. Do the laws guarantee of independence concerning management of affairs?
12. Do the laws guarantee the national

Kazakstan

If you see the table 2 , it is quite clear that Kazakhstanconstitution provides clear provisions for establishment of free and independent public media. But it is worthwhile to see how are they implemented in practice.

These conditions set for creating climate for public service broadcasting. In most of the cases in Asian Media the constitutions provide provisions for all these conditions unless otherwise it is not suppressed.

Even if the constitution provides all necessary provision for a free and independent media, it may not be the case that all the provisions are being applied for.Kazakstan is a classic example for sucha case.These provisions may be negated by the pretext of security reasons.

What are other ways to protect media from undue influnce of state and industries?

Constituting an independent Board

The structural changes guarantee the real public service nature of broadcasting. It is mostly by establishing an independent board. This goes without saying that establishing an independent board is first step towards initiating public service broadcasting

This goes to the second sets of questions do the countries:

Does the country’s broadcasting system have a board?
If yes, how autonomous or independent is the board?

The clear answer for Kazakhstan is that there is no board for broadcasting organizations.

There is no provision in the media law to constitute anew board. There are no mention of the term and conditions of functioning of the board

All the questions related constition of the board,Powers & Roles of the board,conditions on the members of the board, functions and responsibilities of the board are not considered as ther is no board at all.

In order that state/national broadcasters to become a true public service broadcasters needs to develop a strong accountable mechanisms for the public

What constitute accountable mechanisms of a broadcasting system?

Advisory Bodies

1. Do the broadcaster has an advisory Body or bodies?
2. Does the broadcasting organizations establish one advisory body to advise on matters concerning broadcasting ?
3. Are the advisory bodies recommendations binding on the broadcasting organisations?
4. Does the broadcasting organisations requires to establish advisory bodies to oversee quality of service?
5. Does the broadcasting organizations require to conduct regular scientific listening pools, which it shall make public, required to take into account any views received from persons of learning or having relations to broadcasting?
6. Does the ministry establish advisory body to advise him or her on how to develop local
   television and radio production?
   

From the above table it is very clear that none of the accountable mechanisms are in place except audience/listeners pool but it it is quite unclear that how scientific these pools are. The audience research department does the pool from time to time. It is also unclear that these results have any bearings on the production.

Another way to establish accountable mechanism in place to have the provisions of publishing annual report for the public

Another way to establish accountable mechanism in place to have the provisions of

Annual Reports

Do the broadcasters produce Annual Report?
Do your annual report include particulars of any ministerial directions to broadcasts, gifts, advise from advisory council, summary of complaints and responses?
Do you need submit a corporate plan to the Minister outlining the objectives and
expected performance?
Do you need to submit an annual report to parliament with financial statements and complete auditor’s report?
Do you need to submit a statement on objectives and extent to which, they have been met and overall Performance?
Whom do the broadcasters submit an annual report to on the activities of the public service broadcasters:
· The president
· Government
· Parliament?
Do they describe the way that the law has been met?
Do they include recommendations including in relations to the license fee?
Do you need to prepare an annual budget?
Do the report presented to the appropriate minister?
Who reports on them to the Diet?
Do you need to produce an annual report including the information relating to finance, administration, objectives, editorial standards and measures taken to ensure compliance with these standards, research, consultations undertaken, complaints from viewers and analysis of programming

Broadcast Regulator
Another way to create Public broadcaster is to have a regulator

Some of the pertinent questions may be asked on Broadcast Regulator
Do the broadcasting has a broadcast regulator?
Does the broadcast regulators have complaints jurisdiction?
Does the broadcast regulator have licensing powers?
Does the broadcast regulator have right to suspend or revoke the license?
Does the broadcast regulator need to consult with corporation regarding any license conditions
Does the broadcast regulator need to address a report to parliament ?
Does your broadcast regulator has significant regulatory powers, including appointment of presidents and the content of governing Charters?
Does the broadcast regulator enforce obligations in the charter and fine and even suspend programmes which don’t comply?
Does the broadcast regulator guarantee the independence and impartiality of public broadcasters?
Does the broadcast regulator has overall responsibility for ensuring compliance with the charter?
You don’t have any broadcast regulator

Complaint Mechanisms
Another set of conditions that may earmark a state/national broadcaster as a Public Broadcaster is to have Complaint Mechanisms

What are the present complaint mechanism systems?

Internal complaint Mechanisms

1. Does the broadcaster need to establish internal procedure for complaints handling and solving?
2. Does the broadcaster need to submit codes of practice to the broadcast regulator for approval
3. Is there any internal ombudsman with powers to make recommendations?
4. Does ombudsman recommendations has any binding authority?
5. Do the mechanisms vary between broadcasters, depending on the Charter and the practice ?
6. Is there any statutory right of reply for anyone affected by the broadcasting of untrue matter, as well as obligation of correction whenever the broadcasters discover incorrect material?
7. Has there an internal complain process and it promises to acknowledge, sometime on air, when complaints are upheld?
8. Do the broadcasters require to make available an annual statement of Promises to Audiences, describing its services, standards, and objectives?

External Complaints Mechanisms

Does your broadcast Regulator does receive complaints from viewers, even though
this is not specifically provided for in the legislation?
If the viewers or listeners complain to the broadcast/Human Rights/other related Rights Committee ( BRC),Are the views are binding?
Does broadcaster make any commitment to respect the views of broadcast/human rights?
Does the broadcaster need to comply with the Code of Conduct set out in the broadcasting act?
Is the code of Conduct sufficiently deals with matters such as obscenity, violence, accuracy, and impartiality in relations to news?
Are broadcasters subject to the Broadcasting standards commission codes dealing with a range of issues including unfair treatmeint, privacy, taste and secrecy, violence, and
sexual conduct.

Public Service Functions of Public Service Broadcasting

General Requirements

1. Pluralism
2. Minority programme
3. Reach
4. Editorial Independence in the news
5. National Identity
6. Broadcasting Parliamentary session

Pluralism

Does the broadcaster provide a wide-ranging of programmes that informs, enlightens and entertains?
Does the broadcaster provide to all sectors of the public, of information, cultural, and entertainment programmes and contribute to the development of national audio-visual programme production?
Does the broadcaster provide abundant, high quality domestic programming for the public welfare which can be received all over your country, don’t disturb public security, good morals and manners, provide a variety of programming, including cultural,educational. News, and entertainment material?
Does the Broadcaster provide programming that informs, educates and entertains and is of high quality in all languages, makes it services available throughout the territory for free?
Does the broadcaster provide programmes by respecting high general standards in relation to content, quality and editorial integrity?
Does broadcaster exploit susceptibilities improperly abuse religious views, offend against good taste or decency or public feeling, or incite to crime or disorder?

National Identity

Does the broadcaster contribute a sense of national identity through music, drama and
other- performing arts?
Does the broadcaster provide programming that is predominantly and distinctly national,
and reflects the country and its regions to national and regional audiences, contribute shared national conscious and identity, contribute to the flow and exchanged cultural expression?
Does the broadcaster has the strict rules governing broadcasting of programmes in all languages during peak hours?
Do they promote orchestra and choirs ?
Do they carry religious programmes?
Does the broadcaster strive to enhance the level of civilizations and to popularize modern civilizations, as well as preserving excellent features from the past?
Does the broadcaster nurture talent and enrich the country’s cultural heritage, both
traditional and contemporary?
Does the broadcaster provide national programmes
Does the broadcaster provide sports programmes?
Does the broadcaster stimulate the arts and diversity of cultural activity?

Special Groups

Does the broadcaster reflect the cultural diversity of country’s community?
Does the broadcaster provide a balance between programmes of wide appeal and specialized
programmes?
Does he broadcaster have regard for multicultural character of the Country?
Does the broadcaster serves the special needs of the regions, provide equivalent quality programmes in local and Russian languages and reflect the multicultural and multiracial nature of country?
Does the broadcasters carry Programmes that don’t harm children or adolescents?
Does the broadcaster provide sound messages to help blind persons and visual images to assist deaf persons, to provide local as well as national programmes?
Does the broadcaster have a high standard of original programmes for children?

News

Does the broadcaster maintain an independent news and information service?
Does the broadcaster broadcast daily, from all national stations, regular sessions of news and
information relating to current events within and outside your country?
Does the broadcaster broadcast sessions of both houses of Parliament or certain sessions of
parliament ?
Does the broadcaster provide consistent high quality information upon which all citizens may rely?
Does the broadcaster broadcast messages by political parties, unions, professional bodies, provide independent news and political programmes?
Does the broadcaster provide politically impartial and accurate news, present controversial matters from a variety of viewpoints?
Does the broadcaster provide significant amounts of news and public affairs programming of a high standard which is fair, impartial, balanced and independent from government, commercial and other interests?

Other Public Service Obligations

Does the broadcaster broadcast substantial educational programming?
Does the broadcaster provide conservation and exploitation of audio-visual archives for preserving and protecting cultural diversity?
Does the broadcaster in the event of disaster, conduct programming so as to minimize the
harmful effects of the disaster?
Does the broadcaster carry out research on new technologies
Does the broadcaster provide equal time and representation to all political parties during elections for their campaigns?
Do the Private broadcasters carry public service programmes?
Is it mandatory for broadcasters under law to carry certain percentage of Public service programming

One way to check undue interference from the authority is to create a funding mechanism contributed by public

Funding and Financing

How is the broadcaster gets revenue to run its operation?
Does you broadcaster get funding from state budget?
Do you get grants-in-aid from the government?
Do you get revenue from advertising/commercials?
Do you feel advertising and commercials influences your programming and news policy?
Do you compete with private broadcasters for advertising?
Do you have one time license fee while buying a radio/ television/electronic appliances/ mobile phones?
Do you have any license fee : either stand alone or as an addition to the electricity bill?
Do you get governments grants for infrastructure?
Do you get sponsorship for programmes?
Do you feel the broadcaster is adequately financed?
Do you feel that state funding indirectly influences the programming and news policies?

Structural Changes

Push for structural reforms

While Tajiki Public service broadcaster should be accountable to Parliament for policy and strategic decisions, the organisation would be responsible for its own operational and tactical decisions. The government of the day must have no hand in its functioning or decision-making, and must remain at arms-length

Independent financial resource or more public funded Funding and financing Mechanisms
An appropriate funding mechanism is crucial for Kazakhstan for achieving the mission and objectives of a Public Broadcaster. There are two major ways to fund such an organization. The first could be through license fees, public subsidies and Government grants. Alternatively, the funding could be primarily from commercial revenue such as advertising and sponsorship revenue, pay channels, sale of audio and video programmes, and programming agreements. Indeed, a broadcaster has the choice of several different methods for its financing. In U. K., BBC is funded by license fee and by the sale of its materials and services. BBC does not, in the U. K., depend on advertising, sponsorship or subscription revenues. In some other countries, like Japan and Sweden, Public Broadcasters rely almost entirely on license fee. Spain’s TVE and New Zealand's NZTV are, on the other hand, completely financed by advertising revenue. PSBs in France, Germany, Italy and Ireland combine the license fee revenue with advertising, while Australia’s ABC is entirely funded by Government grants. Canada’s CBC combines Governments grants with advertising revenue. In USA, where PBS plays a marginal role, the organization is funded by Government grants and private donations.

Analysis of the findings

Recommended strategies for Future

Some Relevant Recommendations on PSB in Kazakhstan

Public Service Broadcasters in Kazakhstan are encouraged to :-
a.Promote and develop education- including community education, spread of information, empowerment and people’s participation in society and development addressing all groups of society.
b.Create programs which carry credibility with pluralistic groups and which promote cultural diversity and bring positive effects of globalization to all communities.
c.Create rich and quality content for all, and in particular by and for women, youth and children that counters the influence of violence, communal hatred and carry such content on prime time.
d.Initiate public debate and common ground talks between policy-makers, academics and media professionals to counter negative effects of violence in media. Broadcasters can promote the culture of dialogue among civilizations with the view to promote understanding and peace.
e.Exploit new technologies to expand coverage and accessibility to information and healthy entertainment.
f.Promote protection of copyrights of content by coming out strongly against piracy and unauthorized use of content.
Kazakhstan roadcasting Authorities are encouraged to :-
a.Allow autonomy in content creation, management, finance and administration of Public Service Broadcasters.
b.Study and consider the following funding mechanism for public service broadcasting:
1).One time fee while buying a radio/ television/electronic appliances/ mobile phones;
2). Introducing a license fee; either as a stand alone or as as an addition to the electricity bill,
3).Government grants for infrastructure,
4).Advertisement/commercial revenue. But it should not undermine the mandate of public service broadcasting,
5). Sponsorship,

C. Contribute to production of programmes for clearly defined developmental needs.
d. Regularly review the mandate of Public Service Broadcasting in view of national, regional and global events in order to foster mutual understanding, tolerance and trust.
• Allocate preferential frequencies to Public Service Broadcasters,
f. Create legal structures to allow independence of decision making to the public broadcasters.
g. Ensure allocation of adequate time by private networks for public service programmes and for pluralistic content for all group of the society.
h. Ensure complete editorial independence.
• Organize more in-country conferences/ road-shows in Dushanbe and other areas to sensitize the people about the importance of Public service broadcasting in Kazakhstan involving cross-section of society including politician, policy-makers, press, judiciary, legislators, students. workers, academics

• The following agenda can be set for Kazakh State Radio and Television
  to
  • Redefine mission and objectives of Kazakhstan Radio and TV
• In Kazakhstan broadcasting organizations, a substantial amount of the transmission must be decentralised with programmes produced locally, in the local language
• Promoting accountability in broadcasting and push for structural changes
  • Independent financial resource or more public funded Funding and financing Mechanisms
  • Kazakhstan Public Broadcasters should enter into strategic alliances and joint ventures and partnerships within the country and outside the country
  • Kazakhstan broadcasters should reposition their channels and create identity.each channel, both on radio and TV, have a clearly defined identity and positioning; so that, each channel is the specific choice for a type of viewer (or listener)
  • Kazakhstan broadcasters should should Improve programming content, presentation styles and production values
  • Kazakhstan broadcasters should market radio and television programmes
  • Kazakhstan broadcasters should develop human resources to deal with more challenging situation
  • Kazakhstan broadcasters shouldInitiate low and cost effective digital and internet technologies to create alternative reach and voices
  • Kazakhstan broadcasters should made necessay change in the broadcast act

Why Public Service Broadcasting is so important for Kazakhstan?

The broadcasting scenario present in the Asia-Pacific is quite myrid, competitive and market-driven. The excessive importance to market results in hyer-commercilization and sometimes dehumanization and monopolization of content with handful of multinationals. Besides, the technological proliferations and media convergence makes “weaker socitalisation of PSB”. But more positively, the audience exposed to more globalization of programming, more awareness of international happening and aspiring for a “ Globalized Audience “.In some front , we encounter the trend of localization of the global what we described as “ Glocalization”. So, it is most unlikely to assume that the desire to have PSB in Kazakhstan is seen as solution to existing problems rather than the problem itself.

The Background for necessity of introducing PSB in Kazakhstan

Some of the strongest reasons for Kazakhstan broadcasters wish to change to true and editorial independent public service broadcasters may be the following:
1. There are dramatic changes in technology and transmission makes the Kazakhstan broadcasters increasing difficult to compete. The advent of hyper-commercialization and the advent of satellite and cable TV result in negation of the spirit of social and community values in Kazakhstan.
2. Another significant trend being the convergence of television and the Internet ,the result being the monopolization of content of few handful of multinational companies. This leaves Asia-Pacific broadcasters clueless on the strategies to deal with the situation. Many times and many places the survival strategies are only mapped and there was no preparedness for future to go ahead with a plan of actions to reposition PSB and strengthen the public service broadcasting it in Kazakhstan.

Some Future Strategies
Promoting Public Service Broadcasting: Strategies
Ø Proactive Public Campaign/Advocacy for Public Service broadcasting in Kazakhstan
Ø Popularizing the concept and idea of Public Service Broadcastingin Kazakhstan
Ø Sensitizing the Policy makers, politicians, academics, Press and judiciary and other cross-sections
of societies about the importance of public service broadcasting in Kazakhstan.
Ø Looking PSB as solution –centric rather than problem-centric
Ø Disseminating information through publication of books and CD-ROMs in Kazakhstan language
Ø Developing a course on PSB and delivering through Distance education/E-learning
Ø Conducting research study on many issues relating to accountable mechanisms, minority programming, corporitization process with public.
Ø Seeking wider consulantancy and public participation on Broadcasting Bill, Regulations
Ø New ICT for Broadcasting to increase the access and participation of audience and providing journalist journalists the tools to promote alternative voices and pluralism

References and Bibliography

Appendix 1:

Appendix 2:

Appendix 3: